During these years, additional environmental problems came to the forefront of public consciousness. Major federal legislation in the sixties newly addressed environmental issues such as air and water pollution and endangered species protections as they became the subjects of popular concern.
Popular perspectives increasingly incorporated elements of the environmental-scientific approach, especially outlooks that emphasized a holistic sense of deep ecology, which centered cybernetic connections between environmental, organismal, and human health.
This strain of popular ecological thought influenced the wilderness movement as well, which continued to grow throughout the sixties and early seventies. Whereas advocates for wilderness preservation had earlier focused on the importance of wilderness as an amenity, by this time they increasingly framed their efforts in biocentric terms—emphasizing the value of nature for its own sake and the necessity of protecting fragile ecosystems.
Hays, Beauty, Health and Permanence, 52— Perhaps in response to these criticisms, or perhaps in earnest engagement with environmental concerns, Fraser attempted to update his marketing and rhetoric to mirror these changes in attitude and approach. Among these were an opposition campaign Fraser mounted against the siting of a chemical plant on the nearby coast of South Carolina, as well as attempts to frame his new resorts and communities even more explicitly as conservation projects, though his approach to development had not meaningfully evolved since In , Fraser purchased 3, acres of the sparsely inhabited barrier island to transform into a Sea Pines-modeled community, but was met by intense opposition from environmentalists before development could begin.
The torrent of criticism from local and national environmental activists eventually forced him to sell his holdings on the island to the National Park Service in Criticism of Fraser by environmentalists was not isolated to this episode. As William D. Natural beauty, not environmental integrity, was the foremost commodity that the development had to offer potential homeowners.
Beyond the conservation benefits he touted, Fraser justified his methods by claiming that his developments provided greater access to areas that would otherwise be left isolated and underutilized by conventional conservation measures. This criticism anticipated debates nearer the end of the twentieth century regarding the scope and focus of American environmentalism.
In emphasizing the protection of remote natural areas, the wilderness movement especially has privileged those with the means to access these isolated places as the beneficiaries of environmental action. Despite his claims, Sea Pines Plantation itself was clearly designed to appeal to the economic elite from its inception.
In all likelihood, Fraser decreased the socioeconomic diversity of the regions in which he operated—the high prices and popularity of many of his developments drove up property values in the surrounding areas.
In the case of Hilton Head, this forced out longstanding communities that fished the nearby waters and farmed on the island. Though perhaps innovative at its inception, its emphasis on a form of conservation that privileged the aesthetics of nature limited its potential as a solution to complex environmental concerns—issues that became increasingly apparent as the American environmental movement matured in the sixties and seventies. However, Fraser does have a notable legacy in the realm of community planning.
The extensive research and foresight that went into his work contributed to a model for a more intentionally planned community that has since become commonplace. He is likewise credited as a pioneer of sustainable development by some, despite the controversy his work garnered during his lifetime.
The history of American environmentalism is largely characterized by debates over the appropriate use of natural resources and the best strategies to manage them. In Sea Pines, Fraser eschewed traditional approaches to development and conservation while melding values from disparate environmental legacies. Sea Pines highlights some of the legitimate advantages that private interests can bring to sustainable development—an approach that has grown in influence within the environmental movement.
In addition, the considerable capital that private ventures often wield allows them to undertake ambitious development projects and invest in costly environmental measures. Fraser, The Art of Community Building, 6. Though Fraser appeared to be a particularly good candidate, even he struggled to balance profits and environmental interests at Sea Pines.
When it comes to sustainable efforts that are contingent on the ethical standards of its stakeholders, rather than codified regulations, there is also the risk that change of ownership could endanger the efficacy of that approach. Sea Pines itself befell such a fate. In the mid- seventies, Fraser was forced to sell his three additional Sea Pines-modeled resorts to account for financial losses, and in , he relinquished Sea Pines itself.
Under new ownership, the resort lost its environmental vision as well as the man behind it. The degree to which the environmental aesthetic of Sea Pines was used as a marketing tool demonstrates an additional limitation of private sustainable development. This marketing strategy was initially successful due to the confluence of cultural and economic factors in the late fifties, particularly the growing demands for wilderness tourism and calls for environmental protection among the American public.
However, shifts in demand are never certain. Private interests may continue to pursue sustainable approaches provided that they remain profitable, but when public interest in these values stagnates, nothing ensures the accountability of such efforts. Conservation at Sea Pines focused almost exclusively on an aesthetic of wilderness rather than holistic notions of environmental quality. William Cronon, 69—90, New York: W.
Norton and Company, 88— As historian of science Sharon Kingsland demonstrates in The Evolution of American Ecology, , the perception of ecology as a science subversive to the historical doctrine of American economic growth, as seen through its association with environmentalism, has not always been accurate.
In fact, in its early years, American ecology was conceived of as a component of the larger project to better control nature and maximize its use for productive enterprises through scientific study. We should therefore not assume that a thorough knowledge of ecology equates to the often-associated environmentalist concerns over forces that disrupt ecosystem processes and health.
While various groups within the environmental movement have attempted to deal with its blind spots regarding class and race, perhaps the most successful being the environmental justice movement, factions that privilege the preservation of wilderness over other environmental concerns continue to perpetuate longstanding inequalities in access to environmental amenities.
In this broad history of the discipline of ecology in the American context, Kingsland argues that ecological research in the first half of the twentieth century played a significant role in the scientific optimization of resource use, an effort deeply tied to the Progressive era conservation movement.
Fraser, Charles E. The Art of Community Building. Self-published, McPhee, John A. Encounters with the Archdruid. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Ross, Drake. Ryan, Charlie. Made up of a series of vignettes, there isn't so much an overarching thesis or argument to summarize. Rather, it's a set of unvarnished portraits of people in roles we often overlook: driving eighteen wheelers, learning to command ships, running coal trains up and down the tracks, and so on.
Uncommon Carriers is his sketchbook of them and of his journeys with them. He rides from Atlanta to Tacoma alongside Don Ainsworth, owner and operator of a sixty-five-foot,eighteen-wheel chemical tanker carrying hazmats. Like always, McPhee is able to mix together great characters, fantastic observations, and a real sense of space and place and tell a story that illuminates some place or time that you have probably driven past without noticing a.
Synopsis This is a book about people who drive trucks, captain ships, pilot towboats, drive coal trains, and carry lobsters through the air: people who work in freight transportation. The focus of John McPhee's excellent new book, Uncommon Carriers, is on people who do uncommon things remarkably well. On my first, nervous day in the ocean shipping industry an industry that carries most of the world's cargo in international trade my boss took me to a run down diner in lower Manhattan.
McPhee The Founding Fish,etc. McPhee's 28th book after The Founding Fish is a grown-up version of every young boy's fantasy life, as the peripatetic writer gets to ride in the passe Uncommon Carriers John McPhee, Author. This is a book about people who drive trucks, captain ships, pilot towboats, drive coal trains, and carry lobsters through the air: people who work in freight transportation.
And he travels by canoe up the canal-and-lock commercial waterways traveled by Henry David Thoreau and his brother, John, in a homemade skiff in Uncommon Carriers is classic work by McPhee, in prose distinguished, as always, by its author's warm humor.
John McPhee. His writing career began at Time magazine and led to his long association with The New Yorker, where he has been a staff writer since Also inhe published his first book, A Sense of Where You Are, with Farrar, Straus and Giroux, and in the years since, he. Uncommon Carriers by John McPhee Each new book from John McPhee challenges bookbuyers' preconceptions of what subjects they presumably would choose not to read about birchbark canoes, shad, geology, freight transportation.
This is also the theme that ties together "Uncommon Carriers," almost all of which, like McPhee's previous books, first appeared as New Yorker articles. News, author interviews, critics' picks and more. Note: Book Author: John A. Free Are You Fully Charged? By Thor illustrated by Eric Palmquist. Another uncommonly good book from McPhee By Lonya Harriet Beecher Stowe once wrote that "to do common things perfectly is far better worth our end Product Description This is a book about people who drive trucks, captain ships, pilot towboats, drive coal trains, and carry lobsters through the air: people who work in freight transportation.
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